RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SERUM S100Β PROTEIN AND GLUTAMATE LEVELS WITH THE SEVERITY OF TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY

Abstract

Objectives: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is brain damage resulting from external forces, often caused by accidents and falls. The pathophysiology of TBI involves disruptions in blood flow, metabolism, oxygenation, and inflammatory processes. TBI therapy aims to prevent secondary brain damage and address brain inflammation and edema through various interventions. Understanding the pathophysiology of TBI is crucial for the development of effective therapies.
 Results: The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is used to assess the level of consciousness in head trauma patients. Additionally, GCS is employed in various medical contexts, including prognosis evaluation, brain injury categorization, and as a predictor of mortality. GCS exhibits good predictive value, although in cases of stroke hemorrhage, the volume of bleeding becomes more critical. GCS remains essential in the assessment and management of patients with consciousness disorders. Protein S100β, found in the brain and central nervous system, has been associated with various medical conditions, including traumatic brain injury. Measuring S100β levels as a biomarker for brain damage has become a research focus, though further studies are needed to validate these findings and determine the optimal sampling time. Glutamate plays a crucial role in brain neurotransmission mechanisms.
 Conclusion: In TBI, there is an increased release of glutamate, which can lead to cognitive and emotional disturbances. Elevated glutamate levels can damage cytoskeletal structures and disrupt intracellular ion balance, contributing to brain damage after TBI. Recommendations for future research include conducting more in-depth studies on the mechanisms underlying increased glutamate release after TBI. This may involve in vitro experiments or animal models to better understand the relationship between elevated glutamate and cognitive and emotional disturbances in TBI.